Names for inorganic radicals (IUPAC Recommendations
2000)
W. H. Koppenol
Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgen�ssische
Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland
Introduction: Knowledge of the properties and reactivities
of stable inorganic radicals was obtained decades ago through gas-phase
studies of various oxides of halogens, sulfur, and nitrogen. More recently,
pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis techniques developed in the 1960s
made it possible to study short-lived radicals, such as hydrated electrons,
hydrogen atoms, and hydroxyl radicals. Because of the high time-resolution
of these techniques, absorption spectra and redox properties of these
inorganic radicals could be determined. The interest in radicals increased
when it was shown that superoxide, or dioxide(1-), is formed in vivo.
The discovery that in aerobic organisms enzymes catalyze the disproportionation
of this radical resulted in new areas of research, such as radical biology
and radicals in medicine. Interest in simple radicals was further boosted
most recently by the remarkable observation that the radical nitrogen
monoxide is formed enzymatically from the amino acid arginine. Radicals
are important in a variety of catalytic processes and in the atmospheric
gas and liquid phases; furthermore, a substantial number of inorganic
radicals have been observed in interstellar gas clouds.
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Nomenclature
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Coordination nomenclature
3.2.1. Selection of the central atom
3.2.2. Radicals with net charges
3.2.3. Attached atoms or groups of atoms
3.2.4. The radical dot
3.2.5. Examples
3.3. Substitutive nomenclature
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