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Pure Appl. Chem.,
Vol. 65, No. 9, pp. 2003-2122, 1993.
CLINICAL
CHEMISTRY DIVISION
COMMISSION ON TOXICOLOGY
Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology
(IUPAC Recommmendations 1993)
Alphabetical entries
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fecundity:
1. Ability to produce offspring frequently and in large numbers.
2. In demography, the physiological ability to reproduce.
PS fertility.
fertility: Ability
to conceive and to produce offspring: for litter- bearing species
the number of offspring per litter is used as a measure of fertility.
Reduced fertility is sometimes referred to as subfertility.
USEPA, 1989
RT fecundity
fertilizer: Substance applied to soil or
hydroponic systems for improving the root nutrition of plants with
the aim of increasing crop yields and/or controlling production.
fetus (often incorrectly
foetus): Young mammal within the uterus of the mother from the
visible completion of characteristic organogenesis until birth:
in humans, this period is usually defined as from the third month
after fertilisation until birth (prior to this, the young mammal
is referred to as an embryo).
RT embryo.
Oxford English Dictionary,
1991
fibrosis: Abnormal formation of fibrous tissue.
fiducial limit: Form of confidence limit
given as a stated probability, for example P = 0.95: in toxicology
the terms fiducial limits and confidence limits are generally considered
to be synonymous.
Brown, 1988
first-pass effect: Biotransformation of a
substance in the liver after absorption from the intestine and before
it reaches the systemic circulation.
fixed dose
procedure: Acute toxicity test in which a substance is tested
initially at a small number (3 or 4) predefined doses to identify
which produces evident toxicity without lethality: the test may
be repeated at one or more higher or lower defined discriminating
doses to satisfy the criteria.
NT limit test.
fluorosis: Adverse effects of fluoride, as
in dental or skeletal fluorosis.
foci (singular focus): Small groups of cells
distinguishable, in appearance or histochemically, from the surrounding
tissue: indicative of an early stage of a lesion that may lead to
the formation of a neoplastic nodule.
follow-up study:
Investigation in which individuals or populations, selected on the
basis of whether they have been exposed to risk, have received a
specified preventive or therapeutic procedure, or possess a certain
characteristic, are followed to assess the outcome of exposure,
the procedure, or effect of the characteristic, for example, occurrence
of disease.
SN cohort study.
Last, 1988
food additive: Any substance not normally
consumed as a food by itself and not normally used as a typical
ingredient of the food, whether or not it has nutritive value, the
intentional addition of which to food for a technological (including
organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation,
treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding
of such food results, or may be reasonably expected to result (directly
or indirectly) in it or its byproducts becoming a component of or
otherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. The term
does not include "contaminants" or substances added to food for
maintaining or improving nutritional qualities.
Codex
Alimentarius Commission, 1983
food allergy:
Hypersensitivity reaction to substances in the diet to which an
individual has previously been sensitised.
BT allergy, hypersensitivity.
RCP, 1984
food chain: Sequence of transfer of matter
and energy in the form of food from organism to organism in ascending
or descending trophic levels.
WHO, 1979
food intolerance: Physiologically based reproducible,
unpleasant (adverse) reaction to a specific food or food ingredient
that is not immunologically based.
RCP, 1984
RT food allergy.
food web: Network of food chains.
forced diuresis: Method of stimulating diuresis
based on performing hydrational therapy, sometimes with parallel
introduction of diuretics, with the aim of achieving increased clearance
of a toxic substance in urine.
foreign substance
(foreign compound): See SN xenobiotic.
frame-shift mutation: Point mutation involving
either the deletion or insertion of one or two nucleotides in a
gene: by the frame shift mutation, the normal reading frame used
when decoding nucleotide triplets in the gene is altered.
After Nagel et al. (eds),
1991
fumigant: Substance that is vaporized in
order to kill or repel pests.
fungicide: Substance
intended to kill fungi.
fungus preparation: Substance obtained from fungi that
has an insecticidal effect reflecting the pathogenicity of the
fungi for insects.
IRPTC, 1982
A | B | C
| D | E | F
| G | H | I
| J | K | L
| M
N | O | P
| Q | R | S
| T | U | V
| W | X | Y
| Z
Page last modified 12 September 2001.
Copyright ©1997-2001 International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry.
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